Usefulness Of Internet In Organizations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Usefulness Of Internet In Organizations? Answer: Presentation In ongoing time, pretty much every SME or a global association have their noteworthy dependence on the utilization of web. They use web to make all their exchanges. It is to be sure hard to constrain the helpfulness of web in associations. In spite of all the referenced and numerous other like those advantages, it has likewise become an asset of danger for the security of significant data. Information robbery with the utilization of malware assaults and the hacking has now become a typical practice in the contemporary business condition. In such cases, it is then essential to shield the system from any such assaults while keeping up the progression of data on the framework. The fundamental motivation behind this task is to dissect the future possibility for the chose organization Software Spike in giving answers for the system related difficulties. This report would likewise investigate the different chances and dangers that may come in progress while extending the business developme nt for the chose organization. Furthermore, this would likewise prescribe answers for the recognized issues in advancing the business for future development. The report would follow the structure, for example, initial segment would break down the ideas of system security. The following part would recognize the three applications for the system security with models. In addition, the data has been gathered from different assets, for example, books, diaries, sites and contextual analyses on a few system security related applications. Foundation of association The chose organization Software Spike established by the proprietor Luke Clarke in the year 2013 in Melbourne. The association is as of now busy with 85 talented workers. They have abilities in programming advancement. They have done numerous undertakings in the past effectively. They have their aptitude in the improvement of different system security related application for both off-the rack administrations and the in-house administrations. They have effectively pulled in a critical number of customers from both the SME and not many from the enormous size association. They are had some expertise in creating applications for giving security at the common system, which is at present has become a test to numerous associations specifically the SMEs. They have been tested to keep their data information made sure about on the mutual system, so that, they could counter the impact of compromising breaking down exercises on the web. The association has detected expected open doors in this se gment, which is the reason the organization wish to extend its administrations to significant pieces of the nation or conceivably to the abroad customers. Idea of system security in business System security implies keeping information made sure about from glitches by limiting the unapproved access by a doled out head. System security is an assortment of a few approaches that incorporate however are constrained to, for example, confining an unapproved get to, organize alteration, keeping from information burglary and abusing the entrance (Manshaei et al. 2013). System security means to give security to the business from unrecognized exercises, for example, hacking. Changing a system security is extremely testing surely, as it requires a long intensive procedure where programming engineers test the introduced application in the wake of doing a progression of investigating process. If there should arise an occurrence of worldwide issue, International Standard ISO 17799 is a system, which is perceived as a standard structure by an outsider or any colleagues for giving security to the system (Ahmed Hossain, 2014). Numerous associations are attempting to accomplish a status wh ere they could counter the impact of any danger. Besides, they are attempting to acquire an upper hand by achieving the best in showcase answers for the security related dangers. This is additionally giving chances to the IT group of the individual organization by delivering the need to get arrangements on danger. They would then require utilizing their imagination to bring such arrangements. System security incorporates numerous points of view, for example, web insurance, hostile to infection, email security, against spyware and back up recuperation. Be that as it may, these all viewpoints are additionally the helping asset for the programmers. Programmers can hack any of such perspectives. Organizations that have online exchange, for example, information trade, they should utilize compelling IT instruments to counter the destructive impact of programmers. Utilizing applications for organize security offers a most extreme help to such organizations against the unidentified dangers (Hashizume et al. 2013). System security is worthwhile in light of the fact that it can assist with keeping up the serious picture in the market. This is on the grounds that it would keep from any discharging of information in the market. In addition, it is significant that organization doesn't unveil any private approaches publically. System security has numerous different preferences also, fo r example, it would give a wonderful environment to the individuals who peruse web for their various purposes. A made sure about system gives this simply minimal essential convenience to an association. System security application Cybercrime has intensified the circumstance considerably further for the product designers. They currently have challenge before them to build up a counter answer for the distinguished issue or, more than likely to contact any outsider specialist organization for the system security applications. Applications that are constructed explicitly to counter such danger can viably lessen the danger of losing the information. It is additionally important to secure the spillage of protection substance through a few methods, for example, by a representative when it leaves the current help and join their hands with some new association. Security is required for some reasons, for example, endpoint the executives, cloud security, SIEM, versatile security and defenselessness. Mimecast This is uncommonly intended to make sure about the messages, which are exceptionally significant from the points of view of association. The IT branch of an association simply need to add the email application to the cloud-based administration of Mimecast from Microsoft Express (Mimecast.com, 2017). This application gives a safe spot to email stockpiling where it is made sure about and safe. The specific application can assist with combining the divided email into a comprehensive arrangement. The framework is a cloud-based course of action. Aside from giving a tied down space to getting to the messages, it likewise decreases the hazard and costs expected to determine the difficulties. In addition, association would have a start to finish control in the email framework. Messages are an essential piece of business that encourages business correspondence. Critically, numerous digital assaults occur as email phishing. The pace of happening of such occurrences is roughly around 91% (Ahmed Hossain, 2014). The application utilizes an equal matrix framework to process and store the sends on regular routine. The application has settled server farms that are geologically scattered. Email steering is finished with the assistance of operator through email area of discrete clients. The application gives numerous insurance administrations to the clients, for example, spam assurance, malware opportunity and DHA security. This additionally gives bolsters on numerous different angles, for example, report change, email marking, metadata the board and information misfortune. It additionally shields clients from vindictive particles with the assistance of URL examining. Additionally, it is exceptionally significant in each sort of email exchange, which proceeds with n o dread from malevolent substances. A continuation of email is in this manner safeguarded through various assets, for example, Microsoft Outlook, cell phones and internet browser. Forcepoint Forcepoint bolster a sheltered employments of various innovations that drives accomplishment to an association. Each association tends to have advancements that could cultivate them achievement and assist them with reinforcing their acknowledgment in the market. Such online worlds are nevertheless not restricted to, for example, Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud versatility (Forcepoint.com, 2017). The system security application is utilized through a cloud the board set up with an extra utilization of protect. Forcepoint can dispense with the danger with the assistance of point security items in worked in it. It is exceptionally beneficial application, which naturally hinders the sites if there should be an occurrence of any suspected malware assaults. The application confines the entrance from certain locales on a brief premise or might be on a forever premise. In the event that the administration of an association wish to confine the entrance from some chosen rundown of sites, thi s would unquestionably obstruct the site with the assistance of a cloud based help activity. It is likewise utilized as a straightforward intermediary to utilize it as system traffic for all the entrance in a cloud (Shin, Wang Gu, 2015). A few associations have utilized this administration previously and utilized gigantic advantages from the application. Imperva It is utilized with respect to filling the hole between the system security and the endpoint. It ensures the high worth applications in the framework. The application gathers information as physical resources and virtual server farms. It gives a coordinated stage to security by making the information burglary noticeable. It likewise gives a controlling ability to the framework by killing the danger. Imperva additionally underpins the administrative consistence and along these lines it encourages the information security (Imperva.com, 2017). It assists with recognizing the web application related firewall to secure the web application. The firewall screens the continuous and active system traffic, which relies upon security rules. It assists with framing an obstruction in the middle of the inner system and the other system. Imperva is helpful in site scratching, DDoS and Fraud. It forestalls the breaking of consistence to ensure the application. In addition, it rethinks the significance of breaking, which is one of the significant pieces of information security, for example, burglary dangers and consistence. Extending the business Programming Spike has its customers from

Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Essay

1. Comprehend the significance of advancing balance and assorted variety in work with youngsters and youngsters. 1.1.Identify the present enactment and codes of training applicable to the advancement of uniformity and esteeming of assorted variety Each school probably set polices which is framed of direction and strategies these don’t simply imply that there for our educating and learning that’s occurring in the study halls yet all around the school and the school grounds. We should assess everyone’s uniqueness and as gathering. Before learning the approaches of the school you work at it is helpful that you perceive the reason and enactment. This may assist you with your job in the school and your own obligation to approaches and enactment. The kids and youthful people’s rights are expressed in the unified nation’s show on the privilege of youngster (1989) the uk government must ensure the kids are secured trough law, the uk government state that the kids reserve an option to instruction and the appropriate for their own perspectives to be regarded. The custom curriculum needs code of training 2001 This shows the blueprints of legal direction and the methods for the approach of youngsters with uncommon necessities, this is probably going to be changed by the kids and youthful family’s bill 2013. Code of training on the obligation to advance race fairness (2002) This code bolsters schools and the open administrations with the goal that they can meet the obligation that is set out for race relations act. All schools are required to compose a composed race balance approach. The school strategies ought to show that there progressing in the direction of the accompanying results:- †¢Reducing the space of instructive accomplishment between the distinctive ethnic gatherings †¢Improving the connections between all unique racial gatherings †¢Improving the conduct of the understudies †¢Promoting greater contribution of the guardians and our neighborhood network †¢Ensuring that the staff working in the schools show social assorted variety of society †¢An affirmations approach that doesn't separate Evacuating obstructions to accomplishment: the government’s methodology enemy SEN (2004) This shows a type of structure for schools to show accomplishment of kids with exceptional necessities and handicaps. The records show the legislatures articulation for the training of youngsters with a custom curriculum needs or incapacities. These standards incorporate the requirement for: †¢Early intercession †¢Removal of boundaries †¢The conveyance of upgrades through organizations across administrations †¢Raising accomplishment Handicap uniformity plan and access plan The inability separation act 2005 is an enhancement for the 1995 demonstration by require the schools to make an incapacity equity plot (DES) this shows the way the schools to demonstrate uplifting mentalities to the understudies, staff and others with handicaps. There must likewise be an activity plan, this arrangement should show the prejudicial hindrances are expelled for instance: †¢An improvement to the physical condition, similar to slopes, lifts, lighting and the manner in which the room is spread out †¢providing data in various manners for youngsters with handicaps, for example, sound, pictorial and bigger print School strategies Most schools has a statement of purpose that sets out the dedication of the schools to the consideration and balance of chance. Each school more likely than not composed approaches to the reflect of the rights and duties of those in the school. Strategies should show direction for the staff and guests to the schools. There is various arrangements or they can be consolidated however should incorporate the manners in which that the school should work according to: †¢Cultural decent variety/race †¢Inclusive practice/uniformity of chance †¢Bullying/shielding †¢Gifted and capable understudies †¢Special instructive requirements †¢Disability and access There are various ways the schools advance the privileges of uniformity and open door for the youngsters and youngsters ought to be remembered for the approach. There is currently a tremendous spotlight on the results that is contrast the enactments have made to the people and gatherings inside the schools. Ofsted make judgment about the schools comprehensiveness. It is significant that you are fully informed regarding the polices since they change sometimes because of the results. 1.2 Describe the significance of supporting the privileges all things considered and youngsters to cooperation and correspondence of access. Every student has each privilege to a broadly different and similarly adjusted educational program. Instructing and learning must be of exceptionally high caliber. Every understudy ought to have an equivalent educational program paying little heed to their race, foundation, sex and handicaps. So that your or mindful of the significance of supporting the privileges of kids and youngsters, it is ideal in the event that you investigate more detail at the results of enactment, codes of training and arrangements. On incorporation kids and youngsters can raise accomplishment and advance self-personality and furthermore extraordinary connections through the investment of strategies. Raising accomplishment Improving access to the educational program will have a colossal effect to the individual accomplishments set by kids and youngsters. Studies have indicated that a few kids and youngsters have not met the levels they were relied upon to. The youngsters that have the most concerns are kids and youngsters from dark and minority ethnic societies they are helpless because of their financial and physical conditions. This is now and again known as an achievement hole. Equivalent open door doesn't imply that it’s simply treating themâ the same yet additionally their educational plan. This incorporates the comprehension of boundaries. Before kids fall behind its typically best for intercession procedures to be set up like extra help at a beginning time. High appeasements of all understudies are critical to raise their accomplishment. Improving support Support implies that everybody inside the school is included. There are things like guardians night and understudy committees, these are chances to converse with students and their folks to converse with them about things like educational program and things that are going on around the school and advancement. These can occur in homerooms, school lobbies and the understudies are generally asked how they get familiar with their best, what would they be able to improve and how they learn. Building up a feeling of personality The schools ought to perceive and bolster the students and approach everything that is going on in school. This should raise their confidence and give them the inclination that they have a place there. At the point when the youngsters completely take an interest they as a rule feel esteemed for what their identity is and what they have done. Also, what they have accomplished by recognizing them and reflecting what they done was incredible. Youngsters and youngsters ought to have the chance to do free learning. Youngsters are bound to be roused and accomplish maximum capacity when they are settling on decisions. Improving connections among people and gatherings Your activities and demeanor towards the youngsters is significant for example reasonableness in what you do as they consider you to be a good example, the regard can be improved by your regular contact with them. Children’s rights ought to be secured however they should know their duties towards others. Openings are accommodated all kids to encounter each other’s societies and ethnic foundations, this is to guarantee that they comprehend and esteem the social and social decent variety in their own locale also asâ around the world, culture can cut across nationalities and religions and by perceiving and advancing social assorted variety and the distinctions of people and gatherings inside school will improve a child’s learning and advance information and comprehension all things considered. Various societies in schools ought to be recognized and reflected all through the educational program, by joining music, food and stories from a range an of societies won't just add to a rich and additionally energizing educational plan however will exhibit that the school esteems the way of life of gatherings as well as supports every one of their students to investigate and comprehend societies that are not their own. By supporting and urging youngsters to comprehend and acknowledge social decent variety will likewise forestall generalizing and decline preference and separation inside schools. In particular, it will get ready kids and youngsters for various changes that will occur in their lives as grown-ups where they will unavoidably be engaged with blending in with grown-ups of various societies and foundations. You could likewise include an intelligent record of some occasion in your school for example Chinese New Year.

Help in Writing Quality Essays

Help in Writing Quality Essays Use Help of Qualified Essay Writers Home›Education Posts›Use Help of Qualified Essay Writers Education PostsHow to Get Help in Writing EssaysWriting quality essays is a task even the best writers cannot always fulfill. There might be many reasons why you cannot tackle a writing assignment in this very moment, but you can be almost certain that your professors will not care about that and will think that you are just trying to find excuses. However, we do care. Our team of qualified essay writers is working around the clock to help struggling students with writing quality essays, research papers or even theses. We provide you with the top quality in the shortest time, so working with us, you can be sure that your academic paper will pass all the requirements.The TeamIf you are having difficulties with a certain assignment, the best thing you can do is to use help of a professional. Our group of qualified essay writers includes the best professionals in their own spheres so you ca n be certain that in the end, you will get quality essays from highly educated writers who specialize in your sphere of requirement. All our writers have a sufficient amount of experience; moreover, they keep up with everything happening in the world so they always are qualified to write an up-to-date paper.Any SubjectDo not worry about the subject that you have to write about, because we have got everything covered. Our team includes writers who studied physics, history, literature, math, music, and any other subject university can touch upon, so you can be sure that you will get quality essays from people who know what they are doing. In addition, we are familiar with different kinds of academic writing styles so it does not matter whether you need an argumentative essay or a research paper, we can write them all.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orde rHigh Quality EssaysIf you work with us, you are guaranteed to get high quality essays that are completely unique and out of the ordinary. All our writers conduct a thorough research before writing a paper so when you hand it in, you do not have to sweat and worry that it will not pass the plagiarism check. It will, and your professor will be completely satisfied.Available PricesWe are aware that most our customers are students so we have done everything to make high quality essays affordable for those who are trying to make ends meet. Our team includes not only writers, but also customer support representatives who are ready and willing to consult you on any questions you have completely free of charge. In case you are not satisfied with the final result, you can still contact us, and we’ll make all necessary alterations to meet all your personal requirements.We hope we have convinced you that using some help to get high quality essays is a handy thing nowadays. You will not have to spend a fortune, but will save your time and grade by giving a professional a chance to do the job. If you have any questions or have decided to work with us, please do not hesitate to contact us.

The Reality of Reality Television - 1699 Words

The Reality of Reality Television Jacqueline Knudsen ENG122: English Composition II Jenna Fussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? Truth is most people do not think about the effects television shows can have before watching them or allowing their children to watch them. This paper will discuss rather reality television is real or fake, what the appeal of reality TV is, how reality television has changed television viewing habits, and the impact of reality television. Even though reality television can be†¦show more content†¦It was a way to just sit there and sort of zone out and forget the troubles of the day. However, now more and more people are sitting down at night and watching reality television shows. Reality television shows are less relaxing than the sitcoms people use to watch. They involve the audience more, such as with voting for your favorite contestant on â€Å"American Idol† or getting angry or upset with a person for something they have done to your favorite person on â€Å"Survivor†. Whether it is physically or emotionally involved, when people are watching reality television they are definitely involved. So since the introduction of reality television people have started watching more reality TV and less sitcoms because most people prefer to be involved in their TV shows rather than just watch them. One negative effect that reality television can have on people is deceptive view of reality. Such as kids who watch shows like Jersey Shore which can lead them to believe life is one big party. MSN Encarta defines reality TV as â€Å"television programs that present real people in live, though often deliberately manufactured, situations and monitor their emotions and behavior.† Which means what they portray as reality is not really how things happen in the real world (Woods, N.D.). Another negative effect is antifamily values. Many critics have claimed r eality television shows such as The RealShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). Big Brother was one of the first successful and most viewed reality televisionRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 Pages What is it about these reality shows such as: Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Bad Girls Club, and The Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entertainment. The specific points of this argumentRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television1499 Words   |  6 PagesAgainst Reality TV For close to a decade, the ethics behind the existence of reality TV have been questioned. While there are ardent viewers of reality TV, researchers and other scholars disapprove them, and claim that the world would have been in a better place. Reality TV shows, especially in America, are extremely profitable to media owners, and this has increased their popularity in the recent years. The main target audience for these shows are teenagers and women, who spend a lot of time discussingRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television927 Words   |  4 PagesBehind the Reality of Reality TV There are many different opinions when the subject of reality television is discussed. Although reality television shows are thought to be negative they really are just mindless entertainment. Many can argue that these shows are misleading and disturbing. On the other side of this, people merely use these shows for entertainment and allow people to forget about stress in their lives. The cause of these different opinions is a result of different age, gender, religionRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television1511 Words   |  7 PagesReality TV is defined as television programs in which real people are continuously filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.(Dictionary) As we all know, in today s world we are presented with numerous Reality TV Show such as Keeping up With the Kardashians, Basket wives and The Real Housewives of Miami. These shows give a false message to their viewers of what is reality and what is purely entertainment. Many reality programs create an artificial environment for the show thatRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television991 Words   |  4 PagesWe see content on television every day either to see the news, watch a movie, series or any program we would like to watch. Television give us a different and visually perfect way of entertainment. Reality television is a genre of television which seems to be unscripted showing actions of â€Å"real life†. The viewer sees the reality shows for entertainment but neither the pressure, competitiveness nor loneliness that lives in imagines. To be real -time and people- admiration from viewers, thinking thatRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesReality television is now one of the most consumed television genres broadcasted to the general public. Reality television has become more about mindless watching and creating the most unrealistic environment possible, rather than creating a show for an important purpose. Today, shows like Beauty and the Geek, Big Brother, and every other reality show fit into this mold, but when viewed critically lessons appear. In the case of TV today, reality shows depict an altered reality because of the unrealisticRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Reality television has turned into a noteworthy piece of our way of life. The shows are described to be fun, engaging and acquaint society with new points of view. In the wake of a monotonous day at work, it s decent to return home and watch something careless on television, while unwinding. While the debate that violence in the media is making for a brutal culture has been made a million times, sometime recently, I am striving to make an alternate relationship. As we are aware, theRead MoreReality Television : Is It Reality?849 Words   |  4 PagesIs it Reality? Pop culture is popular culture that dominates a society at a point in time. Today, reality television is a part of the society’s popular culture (Johnson 289). The question is why? Reality television is a genre of television programming that focuses on members of the public living in conditions made by the creator, and displays how people are intended to behave in everyday life (Johnson 290). Reality television is debasing and should be strictly controlled, if not banned altogetherRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesReality television has taken off over the past few years bringing shows to the airwaves such as the Bachelor and Breaking Amish. One of the more successful reality television shows, which is going off the air after this season, is Duck Dynasty. The show features a cast of redneck white males who have created a fortune making handmade duck calls. Their wives are the typical stay at home moms who cook and clean the house, or as Uncle Si would say, wifely duties. The show is shot in West Monroe, Louisiana

Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet - Is it a Scam?

Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet - Is it a Scam? The writers should have over five years experience in speech writing in order to supply professional services. If you're writing or planning to compose a science fiction story, creating original and creative suggestions for the story may be the hardest part. Technology or social networking topics are something which everyone wishes to investigate because so a lot of us are concerned about our own use of phone and societal media. Maintain an open mind and relate the way your research can address their problems or enhance any facet of their life. Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet - Overview Students are needed to pick a topic which is easy in order to be in a position to compose the speech well. For example, the students find it difficult to decide on the most suitable topic. Your audience is going to have a significant effect on the subject and angle of your speech. The only time visual aides ought to be considered is every time a distinctive topic during the speech demands a visual demonstration. It's possible to provide a great speech written by others if you are totally knowledgeable of the subject of discussion. A speech wants a topic that it's very clear and specific. Even 1 person in the audience is sufficient to deliver an outstanding speech. The most common kind of speech given throughout the USA is the informative speech. Must have a goal Every speech must incorporate a goal so the audience may comprehend the goal of the presentation. The very first key to an effective speech is to make certain you know just what the audience is expecting. Most people will discover a monotone speech for an unvarying rate of delivery very boring. They expect that they will gain knowledge or insight as a result of listening to your speech. A Startling Fact about Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet Uncovered Have answers for both the advantages and disadvantages, even if you're speaking from 1 side or the other. The truth is the best method to begin any speech writing process is to write down what you wish to accomplish. In fact, speeches arrive in many types and each type has a different intent. You may be explaining the best way to do a specific thing, describing something or instructing. In grammar, when you report somebody else's statement in your words with no change in the significance of the statement, it's called indirect speech. The reality is that public speaking is an easy type of communication. Each time a new person is speaking, you will need to begin a new paragraph and indent. Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet Options As you're writing the activities, you will think through all the particulars of the way the plan ought to go. A speech is an easy type of communication which requires a minumum of one audience member present to deliver the info. Your information isn't controversial and your objective is to provide information, not attempt to change anybody's opinion. Reveal the way that it will get the job done for us, too. If you're able to analyze any book for your rhetorical assignment, choose the work you understand well. Furthermore, the writers ought to be acquainted with the writing styles that are necessary to compose persuasive speech. Speech classes are lots more fun when everyone becomes involved with special pursuits! Students should compose persuasive speech as a portion of their assignments. The Bad Side of Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet You are able to write on anything on earth from bill Clinton to smoking hazard, but at the conclusion of the essay if your essay isn't clear and understandable then there isn't any use of writing, so make sure you're writing an essay that's easy yet intriguing. After the examples of short essays, you'll discover a list of German important words and conjugated verbs that I provided for you so you do not need to look this up a dictionary. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your company studies are, then you're probably wrong here. When it is writing a customized essay or buying essay from some writing service, you've got to be quite careful and watch out for plagi arism. Introducing Easy Essay Topics in Hamlet Again, begin with the audience as a very first step and the remainder should begin to fall into place. You will be less nervous in case you can't observe the audience so clearly. Just as some folks are fearful of speaking before a huge audience, there are others which do not perform well with small audiences. Your audience requires a break, and laughter is a superb release. The informative speech isn't only the most frequent speech type, it is likewise the most versatile. What many don't see is that questions during a speech are crucial. For inspirational-type speeches, it might be better to start with a story. The goal of a speech is just to inform. Identify the 3 revenge plots in Hamlet, and explain why each is valuable to the growth of the play. You will discover a list of common used simile sentences below which you may use to boost your simile grammar. Hamlet was the sole person to really speak to the ghost, though. Ha mlet isn't the most decisive person on the planet.

Impact of the American Culture Free Essays

Impact of the Popular American Culture Melinda A. Valdez Soc. 105 March 17, 2010 Impact of the American Culture There are many advertisements being held by the media and television commercials that affect the American culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the American Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now They do not just affect the adults but the children as well for instants, this week my children and I were watching the Disney channel and we saw a commercial of Chucky Cheese and right away my children say they want to go there, so to satisfy my children now I want to take them there so they could enjoy themselves and now I am going to have to spend money that I was not planning on and it might not even be that exciting to them as it was shown on TV. In the past three days not only was I coming across kid commercials but make up products, red lobster, and movies that are just coming out, and when you see these they encourage you to go out and get them. These advertisements are not things that I have to have in life to survive; they are stuff to pleasure me and to entertain me as well. Personally I know that the media has impacted my lifestyle in many ways even though I am aware of the influence it has on my decision making. For example, the makeup commercials, do I need the makeup more likely no but I see the commercial and see what it might make your skin look like and even though I know that they are doing it to sale there product it just looks so good that I have to try it. I honestly think I have more luxury in my house than what I really do need. Such as my television it is a sixty two inch do I really need a TV that big, no but it looks nice. Overall I do think that the media and advertising has a big impact on our American culture and yes we can say no to advertisements but we are more likely not to. How to cite Impact of the American Culture, Papers

Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Essay Example

Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Paper To be able to prepare standard solutions. To determine the strength of a given solution of Hydrochloric acid (HCI) To analyze errors that occur during standardization experiments. Introduction: A standard solution can be defined as a solution that contains a precisely known concentration of a substance. Concentration refers to the abundance of a substance in its mixture or solution. Standard solutions are used to determine the concentration of other substances with which they react in known ratios/ proportions. Standardization, therefore, refers the process in which the value of a potential standard is fixed by a measurement made with respect to a standard whose value is known; or simply the act of accurately determining he concentration of a substance by titrating it with a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution). Standardization, therefore, basically involves titration, especially acid-base titration. Common reagents used for standardization of acids include: Pure sodium carbonate Pure borax (sodium metabolite) Pure calcium carbonate (Iceland spar) Common reagents used for standardization of alkalis comprise of solid crystalline acids like: Succinct acid Oxalic acid Good standardizing reagents should have the following characteristics: They should have a high degree of purity They should be stable and unaffected by the atmosphere, i. E they should not be efflorescent or deliquescent, for easy weighing. We will write a custom essay sample on Standardization Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Standardization Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Standardization Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They should have a relative molecular mass such that a solution of about 0. 01 M to 0. MM can be prepared easily. A standard solution of Noah cannot be made by direct weighing. This is because Noah is hygroscopic and will therefore absorb moisture from the air. Therefore, a standard solution of some stable acid (e. G Oxalic acid) has to be prepared to standardize the given Sodium Hydroxide solution. This can then be used to determine the unknown concentration of the Hydrochloric acid solution. In the experiment, two titration were therefore performed: Titration A: Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide solution using standard solution of Oxalic acid. Titration B: Determination of the concentration of Hydrochloric acid solution using the standardized Sodium Hydroxide solution. The terms used in titration are therefore used here too. Therefore, in titration A, the analyze was the Sodium Hydroxide solution; and the iterant was the Oxalic acid. In titration B, the analyze was the Hydrochloric acid solution; while the iterant was the Sodium hydroxide solution. Precaution: Oxalic acid is very poisonous. Apparatus: Electronic balance Volumetric flask Pipette Burette Conical flask Funnel Reagents: Oxalic acid (Ethnocentric acid) Sodium hydroxide solution Hydrochloric acid solution (of unknown strength) Phenolphthalein indicator Water Procedure: Titration A: Standardization of Noah Solution A standard solution of Oxalic was made by measuring 0. Egg of Oxalic acid and adding it to distilled water in a volumetric flask. The mixture is shaken till the crystals dissolve and the solution is made up to mall. Ml of this standard solution is pipettes into a conical flask and two to three drops of the indicator are deed to it. The contents of the flask are then titrated against the Noah solution from the burette till a permanent light pink color is obtained. The titration were repeated till concordant results were obtained and then recorded. Titration B: Determination of the Concentration of the given HCI solution ml of the given Hydrochloric acid was pipettes into a conical flask. Two to three drops of the indicator were then added. These errors include: Personal errors One example of this is whereby the solution taking part in the reaction, say the Oxalic acid, is not homogeneous. This happens when the student does not shake the crystals well after adding water when preparing the solution. This error is minimized by thorough shaking of the crystals with water when preparing the elution so as to ensure that it is homogeneous. Another personal error is Parallax error. This error occurs when the line of sight of the analyst/student when taking readings is not at right angles to the scale. It may have occurred in three instances in the experiment: 1. When filling the Oxalic acid in the volumetric flask to the mall mark. 2. When petting the Oxalic acid during titration A and the Hydrochloric acid during titration B. 3. When making the readings of the Sodium hydroxide solution from the burette before or after each titration. Parallax error is indeterminate/uncertain It is minimized by proper positioning of the eyes by the student when making the readings or measurements. Instrumental error This error is also indeterminate. It is caused by imperfect calibration of the measurement instruments, e. The burette, pipette and volumetric flask. This is because these instruments are manufactured by mass production methods, which pose high chance for certain inaccuracies. This error is minimized by use of instruments of higher precision. Averaging of the titers obtained also minimizes the error. Contamination/limpidity of reagents This error may have risen due to the use of unclea n apparatus, like the limerick flask, pipette, conical flasks and the burette. It arose in the experiment especially due to improper cleaning of the conical flask after a titration and before the next. It is minimized by thorough cleaning of the experimental apparatus before use. Contamination also arises from presence of impurities in the various reagents provided. Oxalic acid usually contains impurities of calcium and potassium oxalates which may have interfered with its reaction with sodium hydroxide. The oxalic acid also may have contained some amount of moisture before weighing leading to an error in mass. Such errors are minimized by storing the substance in a desiccators for a few hours before use so as to remove the moisture. Contamination errors may also have arisen from action of atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide, oxygen and dust particles on the standard solutions. This is minimized by use of colored glass bottles, tightly fitting stoppers and soda lime tubes to absorb carbon (V) oxide. Indicator error The pink color of the indicator used (phenolphthalein) which was obtained after each titration faded away when the solution was vigorously shaken till it became colorless. This gave the impression that the color change witnessed was not permanent, hence prompting us to continue with the titration. This led to obtaining of a larger volume than necessary. The fading away is due to the reaction of the phenolphthalein with atmospheric carbon dioxide. The indicator, being a weak acid, may have taken part in the reaction, hence affecting the readings. There also may be an inaccuracy in the end-point recorded. This is caused by adding of too much indicator to the solution being titrated. This is minimized by adding very little but sufficient indicator, and also having flask intonating water for comparison so that any alteration in color can be easily observed.

1984 Summary

'1984' Summary There are few novels as influential as George Orwell’s 1984, which permeated pop culture with concepts like Big Brother and doublethink, while exploring the bleak future Orwell saw in totalitarianism. Part One 1984 begins with Winston Smith coming home to his small, run-down flat. At 39, Winston is old beyond his years and takes his time walking up the stairs, greeted at each landing by a poster stating BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. In his small flat he can dim the wall-sized telescreen and lower the volume but cannot turn it off. He keeps his back to it because it is a two-way screen. Winston lives in what is known as Airstrip One, formerly Britain, a province of a large nation-state known as Oceania. He looks out his window at the Ministry of Truth where he works revising historical records to conform with the new versions of history the government is always producing. Winston works hard to appear a dutiful and fervent member of the Party, but privately despises it and the world he lives in. He knows this makes him what is known as a thoughtcriminal and assumes he will inevitably be exposed and punished. Winston has purchased a diary from a shop in a proletariat (the lower class of people referred to as proles) neighborhood, and has discovered that the placement of the telescreen in his apartment allows for a small area where he cannot be observed. He skips lunch at the canteen in order to come home and write his forbidden thoughts in this diary out of the telescreen’s range. It is a small act of rebellion. Winston admits to a sexual attraction to a woman at the Ministry of Truth, Julia. He has not acted on his attraction because he thinks she might be spying on him, and suspects she would inform on him. He is also paranoid about his superior, a man named O’Brien whom he suspects is part of the Brotherhood, a resistance movement led by the famous terrorist Emmanuel Goldstein. Part Two When Winston goes to work the next day, he sees Julia with her arm in a sling. When she stumbles, he helps her, and she passes him a note that reads I Love You. He and Julia begin a sexual affair, which is forbidden by the Party; Julia is even a member of the Anti-Sex League. Their first encounter is in a rural area. Later they begin renting a room above the shop where Winston purchased his diary. It becomes clear to Winston that Julia despises the Party as much as he does. The affair sparks memories in Winston of the civil war and his ex-wife, Katharine. At work, Winston meets a colleague named Syme who tells him about the dictionary he is working on for the new official language, Newspeak. Syme tells Winston that Newspeak is designed to make it more difficult for people to think in complex ways. Winston expects that this sentiment will cause Syme to disappear, and a few days later Syme is gone. Winston and Julia create a private sanctuary in the rented room, and tell each other that they are already dead. They believe that the Party will discover their crimes and execute them, but that it cannot take away their feelings for each other. O’Brien contacts Winston, confirms his involvement with the Brotherhood, and invites him to be a part of the resistance. Winston and Julia go to O’Brien’s large, well-appointed home and take an oath to join the Brotherhood. O’Brien gives Winston a copy of Emmanuel Goldstein’s book. Winston and Julia spend their time together reading it, learning the truth behind how the Party maintains its hold on society. They also learn about the use of a technique called doublethink, which allows Party members to believe contradictory concepts with ease, and how history has been changed to support perpetual warfare, which is used to keep a permanent state of emergency in place for crowd control purposes. Goldstein also argues that a revolution would be possible if the proles rose up en masse to oppose the government. While in their rented room, Winston and Julia are denounced by the shop owner, a member of the Thought Police, and arrested. Part Three Winston and Julia are taken to the Ministry of Love for punishment, and learn that O’Brien is actually a loyal party member who poses as a supporter of The Brotherhood in order to expose the disloyal. O’Brien begins torturing Winston. O’Brien is very open about the Party’s desire for power, and tells Winston openly that once he is broken and forced to change his thoughts in support of the Party, he will be placed back into the world for a time as an example, and then killed when his usefulness in that capacity is exhausted. Winston endures horrific pain and psychological stress as he is forced to adopt obviously untrue positions, such as stating that 2 2 5. The goal of the torture is to force Winston to abandon logic in favor of absorbing and repeating whatever the Party tells him. Winston confesses to a lengthy list of imaginary crimes. Winston breaks, but O’Brien is not satisfied, as Winston defiantly tells him that he still loves Julia and O’Brien cannot take that away from him. O’Brien tells him he will betray Julia in Room 101. Winston is taken there, and O’Brien reveals that they know everything there is to know about Winston- including his greatest irrational fear, rats. A wire cage is fitted over his face, and rats are placed in the cage. O’Brien tells Winston that the rats will gouge out his eyes and Winston loses the last bits of his sanity in terror, and just as the rats are coming for him he tells O’Brien to substitute Julia. Having betrayed Julia completely, Winston is truly broken. He is re-educated and released. He spends his days drinking heavily at a cafe. A few days later he meets Julia in a park, and they discuss their torture. Julia admits that she broke as well, and betrayed him. They both realize that their love for one another has been destroyed. They no longer care for each other as they once did. Winston goes to a cafe and sits there alone as the telescreens report an important victory for Oceania in the war against Eurasia. Winston is happy and has no more thoughts of rebellion, thinking that he loves Big Brother, and cannot wait to finally be executed.

Definition and Examples of Bowdlerisms

Definition and Examples of Bowdlerisms Definition Bowdlerism is the practice of of removing or restating any material in a text that might be considered offensive to some readers. Verb: bowdlerize. The term bowdlerism is an eponym derived from Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), who in 1807 published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeares playsa version in which words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family. Examples and Observations Long before the British physician Thomas W. Bowdler (1754-1825) and his sister, Henrietta Bowdler (1754-1830), took it upon themselves to make the plays of William Shakespeare safe for innocent eyes, the wholesale editing of another authors writing so that it might be more palatable to prudish tastes was known as castration to some, winnowing by others. But with the publication of the first edition of the Family Shakespeare in 1807, the world of letters got a new verbbowdlerizeto identify the process of literary expurgation. . . . Immensely popular in their time, these sanitized versions of the plays were the principal text by which Englands national poet reached thousands of impressionable readers for close to a century, the dialogue discreetly pruned of any reference to God or Jesus, with every hint of sexual pleasure or misconduct snipped out. . . .Some discriminating readers were outraged, to be sure. A writer for the British Critic railed that the Bowdlers had purged and castrat ed Shakespeare, tattooed and beplaistered him, and cauterized and phlebotomized him. But bowdlerism was far from being abandoned, and was adopted by numerous successors, Noah Webster and his heavily expurgated American dictionaries and William Michael Rossettis watered-down British edition of Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass among the more egregious examples.(Nicholas A. Basbanes, Every Book Its Reader: The Power of the Printed Word to Stir the World. HarperCollins, 2005) Perhaps there is no greater tribute to the supposed power of literacy and no greater literary testament to unresolved infantile conflicts than 19th-century bowdlerism.More than words were changed. Double entendres and sexual allusions of various sorts were cut out or restated. In King Lear, the Fools codpiece song was eliminated, as was Gonerils lament about the knights brothel activities. Pepyss faithful and literate recording of his sexual experiences, and fanciful pictures, such as the voyeuristic Lilliputian army that subdued Gulliver or Swifts classically nonerotic detailing of the Brobdignagian breast, fared no better.(Richard S. Randall, Freedom and Taboo: Pornography and the Politics of a Self Divided. University of California Press, 1989)Before and After the Bowdlers[T]he practice of bowdlerism was already well established before the Bowdler family started to wield the blue pencil. Charles Wesley in 1744 published his Collection of Moral and Sacred Poems, From the Most Celeb rated Authors, in which about 100 poems have lines missing or substituted. Subsequent decades saw pruned or purged collections of poets as diverse as the Earl of Rochester, Abraham Cowley, and Matthew Prior. . . .Although bowdlerism is regarded as something of a joke from a contemporary liberated viewpoint, it has proved far more tenacious and widespread than is generally realized. Many works lacking any tincture of obscenity, some at the heart of the English literary tradition, are bowdlerized. It is only fairly recently that school editions of Shakespeare have become unexpurgated. An American study by James Lynch and Bertrand Evans, High School English Textbooks: A Critical Examination (1963) showed that all of the eleven prescribed editions of Macbeth were bowdlerized. Most editions of Gullivers Travels still excise the grosser physical details. In the United States hardly a year passes without some protest over prescribed school texts regarded as blasphemous or profane in some w ay.(Geoffrey Hughes, An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World. M.E. Sharpe, 2006) Bowdlerism and CensorshipIn Dr. Bowdlers Legacy: A History of Expurgated Books in England and America (1992), Noel Perrin distinguishes between censorship and what he calls bowdlerism. While the former is generally done by governments for political reasons, bowdlerism is done by individuals for moral ones. While censorship is usually imposed on books before they are published, and leads to their being withdrawn, bowdlerism comes afterwards, and is a form of editing. The book in question still appears, but in a form judged suitable to what is seen as an audience needing protection.(Philip Thody, Dont Do It!: A Dictionary of the Forbidden. St. Martins Press, 1997)Contemporary Bowdlerism . . . and FoodBowdlerism targeted profanity and sexual explicitness and [Thomas] Bowdlers activities led to the progressive sanitising (or bowdlerising) of a range of workseven the Bible was a targeted text. Clearly, these days the definition of dirt has shifted considerably and the goals of modern-day bowdlerites are very different. Texts are now likely to be cleansed of references to things like race, ethnicity, and religion.The US has seen a lot of these kinds of cleaning-up activities in recent years. They might even extend to the food superstitions of todaycalories, carbohydrates, cholesterol, sugar, caffeine, and salt. Apparently, US publishers are now expected to omit references to, and illustrations of, foods that are high in these shocking substances. . . . In her account of the rampant sanitizing of textbooks and state education testing services in the US, Diane Ravitch includes a substantial hit list of foods . . ..The banned substances include things like bacon, butter, margarine, cakes, sweets, coffee, condiments, corn chips, cream, cream cheese, doughnuts, French fries, fruit punches, gravy, honey, jam, jelly, preserves, ketchup, juice drinks, pickles, pies, potato chips, pretzels, salad dressings, mayonnaise, salad oil, shortening, salt, fizzy drinks, sour cream, su gar (of all kinds), tea, whipped cream. The list goes on.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Pronunciation: BODE-ler-iz-em

Benefits Package at the Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Benefits Package at the Apple Inc - Essay Example Apple is known as one of the best companies to work for because of its great employee benefits packages. I think that the website could have shown a little more about it. The Apple website lists many policies and work/life programs, such as health and life insurance, employee stock purchase plan, tuition assistance, paid vacations and holidays, and product discounts. I think having this wide range of employee benefits is good because there is a diverse workforce and so there is something appealing for everyone. Just the other day the company announced that its corporate matching program will be implemented in every country. Some of this program includes match employees for the time they spend on philanthropic endeavors and full stock benefits if an employee dies so that the family members can be supported. This shows that Apple does care about its employees and will do anything to make working for the company very attractive. This is a company that I would want to work for because it would help me with career advancement also. The experience that I could gain from working in such an environment will help me to grow both personally and professionally. I like that there are many employee benefits packages and so I can choose the one that suits my life best at that moment. If I stayed with the company for a few years, then I might want to change my employee benefits package to reflect the stage of life that I am in. I also like the parental leave policy, which is offered for both men and women. It is great to see that if I had a newborn child I would be able to take some time off work to spend with my young family. It is reassuring to know that I could go back to work a few weeks later and my job would not be in jeopardy at all.  

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example tinuous corporate process which examines the corporate business status and the industry competition in which the corporate is operating in, assessing the competition and setting goals and strategies to meet new challenges. (David, 1989) This paper will therefore look into a mini case for Starbucks Company which is trying to enter the Indian market. The main issues that will be addressed by the paper will be; entry problem and market entry analysis using porters 5 forces model. It will finally give a briefing note on the case. In the recent past, trading has become increasingly global in some way because of the need to gather and increase the company’s financial base. To achieve greater investments and better market opportunities in the international market, companies are opening new branches in different countries. Starbucks Company is one of the companies that are expanding its market and it has targeted the Indian market. Starbucks Corporation is an American company based in Washington, which buys makes and sell coffees and coffee drinks in many of its international retail outlets chains. Starbucks started as a seller of packaged high quality coffee, today Starbucks has developed to become one of the best companies known for its coffeehouses, giving its customers a place to buy beverages and other food items in addition of the packaged whole bean coffee. The company is given credit on changing how people in America and the world all over perceive and take coffee. (Business Week, 2007) In relation to its expansion plans Starbuck has been eyeing the Indian market which is among the biggest markets in Asia because of the high population the country has. However, the government of India have been taking time in allowing the company to enter the Indian market. Starbucks Company had intended to have a joint venture with an Indian company named New Horizon. New Horizon Company already operates 45 Starbucks retail outlets in Indonesia. The joint venture was a

Water Conflicts and Dispute Resolution

Water Conflicts and Dispute Resolution THE LARSON . KING SYMPOSIUM: WATER, CATALYST OF LIFE AND STRIFE: A THREAT TO SECURITY OR A VITAL OPPORTUNITY TO FOSTER COOPERATION?: ARTICLE: INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION: WATER CONFLICTS AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION SUMMARY: The process was created in 1909 and although it uses a bottom up approach to reach consensus, the real decision making is done by the two governments; the recommendations are made by nationally appointed commissioners, and the study groups are made up of technical experts from government and elected or appointed officials who make decisions in the traditional way, where public comment and citizen engagement is at best advisory in nature and not necessarily meaningful. Most recently, Lake Mead and Lake Lanier are two examples of the many pending conflicts that focus on competing water demands. Often these problems cause real conflicts because unanticipated changes in needs, disagreements regarding the costs and values inherent in the policy priorities, and dissatisfaction with the benefits received by some participants compared to the benefits obtained by other competitive interests. In most cases, the dispute resolution mechanisms are rather basic and include some form of consultatio n, facilitation, mediation and, in some limited cases, adjudication or arbitration. Waterways and Boundary Disputes Water and boundary disputes and international treaties are not new to the United States. He understood the importance of good relations between the United States and Canada, and he believed that one important aspect of that relationship was the eventual resolution of disputes arising under the Boundary Waters Treaty. Grey pressed Canadas leadership to appoint Commissioners to the newly established International Waterways Commissions; he encouraged Secretary of State Elihu Root to participate in discussions and negotiations with Canada, and to establish a formal ongoing mechanism for Canada and the U.S. to utilize for resolving boundary disputes. The participation process used by the IJC encourages participants to better understand boundary water disputes and issues. I. BACKGROUND Water is very special. It is needed for survival. The nature of water and its general availability is often taken for granted and only recently have industrialized nations of the world taken note of the potential problems water shortages might create for communities, businesses and governments. A supply of fresh water is not enough. There is a need for accessible, inexpensive, safe, and usable water. Emerging nations generally have a better understanding of the importance water plays in health, hygiene, education, agriculture, economic development, and peace. The United Nations estimates that by 2025 nearly 2.7 billion people will experience severe water scarcity, and contaminated water supplies will contribute to millions of deaths annually. n2 Approximately 1.1 billion people in the world lack adequate water and about 2.6 billion are without adequate sanitation. n3 In addition, only 1% of the worlds fresh water is usable. n4 The most apparent needs for water can be seen in India, China and Africa, but these examples are not isolated. India and Chinas skyrocketing economic growth have diverted old priorities and added new demands for significant amounts of additional water. n5 Other countries in South America, parts of Asia, Europe, and North America also reflect increasing demands for water. Population growth contributes to the rising demand for water, and the impact of world wide droughts caused by the changing environment has made parts of China and areas of Africa, Australia and the United States extremely vulnerable. Examples of dependence on dwindling water supplies are easily found. Declining levels of water in reservoirs, fresh water lakes and rivers are compounded by declining rainfall. n6 Similar situations can al so be found in the western and southeast areas of the United States. Changing population trends, such as movements from the Northeast and Midwest United States to Atlanta, Phoenix, Las Vegas and parts of California and Texas, contribute to the water shortage problem. Rising energy demands because of urban/suburban growth, legal decisions and [*595] continually increasing agricultural demands have also raised awareness and understanding of the importance of maintaining adequate water supplies, preserving high quality water reserves and managing the limited water supply as effectively as possible. n7 In addition, there has been an increased awareness of the interdependence communities and countries have toward one another regarding the preservation and use of fresh water; the development and protection of existing water basins and groundwater supplies; and the conservation practices and best practices relating to water management. Conflicts over water supplies are not new. In the United States, early conflicts arose over competing agricultural and mining uses; later, residents in the Southwest fought in state and federal courts as well as at the administrative agency level over the distribution of water from the Colorado River. Currently, Las Vegas is in several disputes regarding its need for water. The situation in Las Vegas invokes the problem demonstrated during the early 1900s, when Los Angeles acquired the water rights in the Owens Valley which left a wasteland of a former agricultural region. n8 Most recently, Lake Mead and Lake Lanier are two examples of the many pending conflicts that focus on competing water demands. n9 Current international examples of disputes over water usage and supplies can be found in conflicts arising in and around the Jordan, Saskatchewan and Rhone Rivers. n10 Other areas where concerns have arisen regarding the preservation of significant water supplies include the area surrounding the Guarani Aquifer, which covers an area greater than Great Britain, France and Spain, and provides a water source for more than twenty million people. n11 Another example is the general recognition of the ongoing problem of the Rio Grande or Rio Bravo that is a lifeline for millions of people in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The regions aquifers are being depleted from overuse, the new demands created by [*596] changes in the demographics, the rapid expansion of Maquiladoras and the increased demands for greater agricultural production. n12 Disputes over water among competing interests can be explained by its unique ability to provide a foundation for life and society. The finite nature of water can also explain water disputes at both the local and international level. Additional conflicts may, however, arise and become even more problematic as water becomes a commodity that is controlled by international corporations that can buy, sell and trade this product for their own advantage. Currently, about ten corporations control a large portion of the worlds water supply. They represent a $ 400 billion business and will eventually contribute significant national wealth for some countries and cause other water scarce countries to be dependent on, and even debtor nations to, those companies controlling the worlds fresh water. n13 Some experts have suggested that water and the demand for fresh water will be what oil was during the last century and the lack of fresh water may generate such an intense concern and political disco ntent that future wars might be fought over trans-border disputes involving water. n14 Many governments and companies have begun seeking ownership or control of existing and potential sources of fresh water. Some governments are planning and building dams and reservoirs to store needed water supplies even if such action might be detrimental to those down river from the projects, and other efforts have been undertaken to control ground water within a countrys boundaries. Recently, the Governor of New Mexico, a presidential candidate, suggested there was a need for a national water policy that would divert fresh water from existing sources to those states that had an inadequate water supply. The proposal was not well received by the leaders and people from states having adequate water reserves, and it died a quick and quiet demise. Several other overtures have occurred from both government and business interests seeking water resources from the upper Midwest and Canada; one proposal e ven suggested taking water from the Great Lakes by the tankful. n15 A. Water Policy Programs, Problems and Reports Recognition of the potential problems resulting from competing demands has created several responses. One response has been the Darwinian approach of self- survival or survival of the fittest (those who have the water control those who dont have water). A second approach attempts [*597] to create and manage water policies that coordinate competing demands such as residential, agricultural and commercial needs. Attempts are also made to balance rural, urban environmental and political demands. This second approach requires the use of various experts, community representation, research and a high degree of transparency regarding public decision making. The development of public policy requires the involvement of those with competing interests and values regarding water usage, accurate and dependable data from which options can be evaluated and decisions made, and finally community support based on increased awareness and individual buy-in of the policy choices or recommendations. The likelihood of policy failure or noncompliance with policy directives usually results from lack of accountability or involvement of the appropriate government agency or body, too little funding, failure to balance all interests, unclear rules or guidelines and inappropriate or ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. n16 Specific problems that arise concerning development of water policy are data gaps, or incomplete information; the difficulty of reflecting real direct and indirect costs in pricing; improper management of water resources caused by failing to include all jurisdictions affected by the appropriate watershed; failure to enforce existing regulations or lack of enforceable rules; incomplete intergovernmental oversight of associated issues; and shortsightedness in policy related decision-making which fails to balance competing interests. n17 Often these problems cause real conflicts because unanticipated changes in needs, disagreements regarding the costs and values inherent in the policy priorities, and dissatisfaction with the benefits received by some participants compared to the benefits obtained by other competitive interests. Problems may also arise because political influence and pressures that alter the political landscape make compromise difficult or impossible. In some cases water policy problems may be alleviated by new funding sources, different rule interpretations, or recent judicial decisions. Other influences that remove or reduce related conflicts might be the introduction of new technology, changing market conditions, improved conservation practices or improved collaboration among the competing interest groups. n18 In order to respond to the real or potential problem, a well thought-out water policy should be followed. Successful implementation of water policy programs require, according to the International Joint Commission: 1) accountability based on predetermined obligations, 2) meeting performance standards, 3) accomplishing results based on the means and the agreed upon expectation. n19 The end result of increased accountability should be greater [*598] compliance with policy guidelines, greater collaboration, and cooperation between governmental bodies, NGOs and private interests. In order to insure successful compliance with water policy programs it is also essential that a monitoring system be established to investigate and evaluate the activities of the program and its ultimate success or value. A program of evaluation would include a system of measurements or indicators that establish conditions and goals to be accomplished. n20 In addition, a reporting process should be created that would address economic, political, social and technical issues in a credible timely and transparent manner. n21 A comprehensive monitoring system is not in itself sufficient, therefore it is necessary to develop an assessment process that periodically examines the submitted reports and seriously evaluates the policy plan and implementation and makes recommendations to modify, correct or amend the current program to satisfy needs, such as economic, social and political changes. A report should then be made available to the public and those impacted by the water policy. n22 The report should set out the policy objectives, goals and resources available in the implementation of the policy. It should also consider options and alternatives to the existing policy and an explanation as to why recommended actions were taken. This report should also consider the financial and environmental impact of the various actions. There might also be a report as to the number and types of conflict that have arisen in regard to the policy. Finally, the report and related documentation should be made available to the public. B. Policy Conflicts The issue of who will control the water supply raises a variety of questions that often create conflicts. Who can use the water supply, to whom does the water supply belong to and what rights attach to a particular body of water or the owner of that water? Other questions that arise regarding control of water may include: can water be a commodity and therefore be sold to the highest bidder without concern for personal needs; what is the impact on future generations, or what is the value of water to the general public? Can water be protected under the Public Trust Doctrine because it is, or can be argued that it is like air, a basic necessity of life? n23 If one uses the Commons argument, then almost any water supply that is managed by a governmental body for the benefit of the public could be included in the doctrine; however, if water is not treated as part of the [*599] Commons the survival of individuals in society may be threatened. The Commons argument relies on past judicial decisions interpreting property rights and property law. n24 Other conflicts may also arise in regard to the water supply. Environmental concerns, economic benefits, the equitable distribution of resources, public participation and partisan decision-making are only a few examples. As we examine the existing water policy dispute mechanisms, it will be important to remember that, because of the wide variety of problems, there may not be a single approach or method capable of resolving all water-related conflicts. Since water supplies have a regional or even greater impact, we should look to dispute mechanisms that encourage wide public participation, allow for public consensus among participants and which serve to educate and inform the public about water demand, water conservation techniques and current alternatives to water policy. Special attention should be given the dispute techniques used in international water conflicts between the United States and Canada, and the United States and Mexico. C. Water Policy Dispute Mechanisms Disputes over water have been reported since the beginning of recorded history. A war over a water-related issue occurred over 4,500 years ago, and during the last 1,200 years there have been about 3,600 water related international treaties. n25 Since 1870 there have been 145 treaties to manage water, of which 124 are bilateral and twenty-one are multilateral. n26 The principal focus of these agreements has been related to hydropower, but there are other agreements that concern themselves with water distribution for consumption, industrial usage, navigation, pollution and flood control. n27 Many of the treaties provide for exchange of data between the signatories of the treaty. This effort provides an opportunity for program administrators and technical experts to build relationships and interdependence within their working group. Some conditions of these water resource treaties include a formula or methodology for allocating water within the agreement or by the use of a board or governing body; the use of economic benefits for one or more of the treaty participants; recognition that the water resource is unique and must be given special consideration in determining the use and distribution of the water in question; and usually downstream participants are given clearer and more specific protection. n28 Treaty participants often negotiate a variety of non-water linkages in their [*600] agreements relating to political concessions, exchange of high quality useable water and access to capital and pollution control mechanisms. n29 Many of the international agreements, about 55%, provide for some form of monitoring process, and approximately 50% of the treaties provide for some form of dispute resolution process which could include an advisory council, a third neutral party or a designated organization such as the United Nations. n30 In most cases, the dispute resolution mechanisms are rather basic and include some form of consultation, facilitation, mediation and, in some limited cases, adjudication or arbitration. Historically, most water treaties established a hierarchy of uses when negotiating water agreements. Generally, navigation is given priority over other preferences, but today most agreements do not list the order of preferences. Instead, they indicate the options or alternative uses for the water. Usually the preference list would include: domestic and municipal uses, industrial uses, navigation, recreational uses, agricultural uses, and energy uses. n31 II. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES A. Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) When disputes arise over issues addressed in water-related treaties, the mechanism used in resolving the conflict is often an advisory board, an ad hoc or permanent commission, or a governmental body. These bodies have various levels of authority and frequently must have approval from a national or regional government before a decision can be implemented. Until recently there had been no unified forum to which states, NGOs, individual citizens and corporate or international groups could turn for resolution of their disputes. n32 The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) may now, however, be used to resolve water disputes. When taken together, the PCA and the Optional Rules for Environmental Conflicts provide interested parties the opportunity to reach an agreement that is acceptable and capable of harmonizing the needs of diverse interests, cultures and values. n33 In addition, the PCA approach provides decision makers who are experienced in environmental matters, who understand the impact of these decisions on the environment and who need to maintain a high degree of confidentiality regarding national security [*601] issues and proprietary data with a process to produce decisions in a timely manner. n34 The PCA Options are tailored especially for environmental disputes and provide some useful features such as detailed rules for arbitration and conciliation, the use of environmental experts as witnesses, and a process that aids in the facilitation of disputes and the monitoring of any settlement agreement. n35 Currently, over ninety countries have adopted the PCA Environmental Arbitration and Concilia tion Rules and have contributed to improving the possibility of environmental disputes being settled more quickly and with greater participant satisfaction. n36 The PCA Environmental Rules fill a gap in the decision-making process for environmental disputes that had not been previously filled. The Rules reflect a broad international acceptance of at least two alternatives with defined rules which parties can use and be confident that they will be heard and given a fair hearing regarding their concerns. The Rules do not solve all the problems regarding environmental conflicts but they are a vast improvement over prior dispute mechanisms. The Rules now bring environmental dispute procedures more closely in line with dispute mechanisms found in, for example, investment treaties or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). n37 Conflicts regarding the distribution of existing water supplies between treaty participants and/or regarding the order of allocation of water among competing users eventually become a public dispute. Governmental bodies are part of every public dispute and because of their involvement, these disputes take on different characteristics than private conflicts. Generally speaking, the public nature of a dispute means public participation, greater transparency, and possible political pressure. Public disputes are, however, similar to private disputes in that the dispute resolution mechanisms available to parties in conflict are the basic alternative dispute resolution options or derivatives of these options. B. Dispute Mechanism Techniques The two most common dispute resolution techniques are arbitration and mediation. Arbitration or non-binding arbitration occurs when two disputants refer their conflict to a third party decision-maker known as the arbitrator, who will render a decision which will generally be final, or only advisory in [*602] non-binding arbitration. Usually arbitrations are the result of a prior contractual agreement, but arbitrations can also begin when the disputants agree to use the arbitration process to resolve a pending dispute. In arbitration or non-binding arbitration the parties select one or more arbitrators, who hear the case as presented by the representatives of the parties and then issue an award or advisory opinion. Most arbitration decisions cannot be appealed. Parties to an arbitration usually need to agree in advance to the arbitration format and the form of the arbitrators report. Arbitration provides parties with an opportunity to select an excellent ethical fact-finder, who will generate an impartial opinion. It avoids problems associated with litigation and creates a binding decision to be followed by the parties. Non-binding arbitration may be valuable because it could provide a speedy decision based on the recommendation of an expert. Parties may not want to use this type of arbitration if cost or timing is a problem. The arbitration process can often reduce conflicts between the parties and reduce the amount of discovery needed. Mediation is a facilitative process. Mediation is a rapidly growing technique that involves a neutral third party trained to assist the parties negotiating an agreement. The mediator has no independent authority and does not render a decision; any decision must be reached by the parties themselves. Another definition of mediation refers to mediation being an art and not a science, therefore, the process reflects many different and rich options for dispute settlement. n38 One set of authors say mediation is a process in which an impartial third party acts as a catalyst to help others constructively address and perhaps resolve, plan a transaction or define the contours of a relationship. n39 Finally, Kimberlee Kovach says mediation is the intervention into a dispute or negotiation by an acceptable, impartial and neutral third party who has no authoritative decision- making power to assist disputing parties in voluntarily reaching their own mutually acceptable settlement of issues in di spute. n40 The mediation process is simple. The initial stage begins with a preliminary review of the facts by the mediator. Mediation begins with an opening statement that describes the process and sets mutually agreeable ground rules. The second stage begins the fact-finding and is the time for the parties to present their case and to confront the issues. This is also the time when venting may occur between the parties. During this stage positions are presented, the interests of the parties are discovered and basic agreement on possible solutions might be aired. The next stage includes a discussion of proposed settlement options, and the mediator must generate movement toward settlement if the parties are at an impasse. The final stage is [*603] agreement between the parties and negotiating the terms of the settlement agreement. Mediation can be described as facilitative, evaluative or transformative. The facilitative method encourages a problem solving approach to dispute resolution. This method requires the mediator to encourage mutual discussion, exchange of information and creative ideas as to how the dispute might be solved. The facilitative method is designed to build consensus. It is quite flexible in the implementation of the process, and it is the least adversarial between the parties. The evaluative method is focused on the resolution of the dispute. The mediator hears the arguments and then attempts to encourage a particular solution between the parties by using his or her skills, knowledge and expertise. This form of mediation may develop into a shuttle diplomacy approach where the mediator moves back and forth between two rooms and the parties and their lawyers consider various proposals and counter proposals. The third method is a newer mediation approach known as transformative mediation. This method attempts to create a setting that will give the parties the opportunity to exercise their choice and to leave the final decision and responsibility of resolving their conflict to themselves. Healing, reconciliation and the making of a lasting agreement are left to the parties and their individual abilities. The mediator in this approach performs the function of a guide or advisor during the process. Mediation is useful and likely to be successful if the parties have had an ongoing relationship. If cost is an issue, then mediation is the least costly alternative. If one of the parties finds it necessary to express their emotions or if they get out of control during formal proceedings, then mediation is a workable solution. Mediation, because it is private and flexible, allows for the use of creative solutions and it may allow the parties to communicate more effectively with each other. Mediation can also be referred to as non-directive and directive mediation. Non- directive mediation describes how the mediators operate in regard to their attempts to influence the parties. In this model the mediator avoids making judgments, recommending options and questioning statements and arguments. A directive mediation oriented mediator would express opinions, make proposals, challenge values, question positions and attempt to steer the parties to his or her solution. Prior to most arbitration or mediation efforts there is a period of discussion, consultation or negotiation that frequently results in a dispute being resolved, troubling actions modified or sticking points settled. Often these methods are ad hoc, informal and unstructured. The process that precedes formal or structured procedures is known as negotiation. Negotiation, unlike arbitration or mediation, does not require the services of a third party neutral. Usually, the interested parties begin a conversation with one another when they believe there is a misunderstanding. Here they are seeking a benefit or improved situation [*604] when compared to their current position or where they try to avoid further escalation of the initial conflict. Negotiation is a conflict resolution technique that settles disagreement and seeks to avoid or prevent future disputes. Consultation may precede a structured negotiation and is frequently used in major contract disputes. Because of the dramatic growth of international trade and the development of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) four-part Dispute Settlement System, its use has increased greatly. Usually consultation is entered into voluntarily and is used to help the parties understand their dispute, how the parties see the issues, and to clarify the legal rights and claims of all parties. WTO records indicate that more than half of their cases are settled or abandoned during the consultation phase. n41 Consultation allows parties to modify their positions, change their understanding or to acquire new information that may influence their action or thinking. n42 Consultation is often voluntary but it may become obligatory if included as a contact clause or treaty requirement. Both negotiation and consultation are devices to encourage cooperation and their use, when mandated, functions as an anticipa tory action to avoid or prevent the use of formal or structured dispute settlement mechanisms that are more costly and time consuming. Another possibility when international treaties or conventions are involved and parties to a dispute are not able to reconcile their differences though negotiations is the use of the Good Offices of the governing body of the agreement. Generally, Good Offices means the office of the secretariat of the organization or body responsible for the implementation of the agreement. The use of Good Offices may be as simple as facilitating a conversation between the disputing parties or providing facilities for such a meeting. It may also include the provision of mediation or conciliation services or it may require the actual intervention by an international body. n43 The use of Good Offices has been a frequently used tool in international diplomacy and was integrated in the Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes in 1907. More recently, similar language has been included in agreements creating the World Trade Organization and the Law of the Sea Convention. Disagreements at the international level often address issues and facts that the parties do not agree to or that they find nearly irreconcilable. When such an impasse occurs it is possible to seek the help of a board of inquiry or a fact-finding body commission to investigate and report findings [*605] related to the disagreement. The commission option was initially an ad hoc undertaking that was formalized in the 1899 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes. n44 The early commissions were established to examine issues in dispute such as when the U.S. battleship Maine was sunk, when the Russian Fleet fired on British fishing vessels in 1904, and when an American woman was killed in a Chilean sponsored car bombing in the United States. n45 These commissions and board inquiries are less frequently used now because other ADR techniques are available and parties are comfortable using them. Conciliation is another ADR method used to resolve international disputes. This method is similar to both mediation and arbitration. Conciliation as a process has been used for about eighty-five years, and over 200 bilateral treaties and many multilateral agreements have language enabling disputants to use this alternative. n46 The idea of conciliation commissions, a combination of inquiry commissions and conciliation, were actually used as early as 1914 but the concept has not become a routine procedure in dispute resolution practice. n47 Conciliation requires a third party neutral to encourage the disputing parties to begin a dialogue with one another and to arrive at a mutually agreeable resolution process. It also requires the neutral to examine the circumstances surrounding the conflict and, after an independent inquiry, make a recommendation based upon the evidence and information that has been discovered during the process of fact finding. n48 The parties are not required to a ccept the recommendation. Conciliation resembles mediation in its facilitative, non- adversarial and non-binding aspects but it follows formalities more like arbitration, such as investigation, evaluation and decision-making. n49 Conciliation has been successful in the few cases where it has been tried, and it provides benefits to the parties because they can reject any recommendation if they desire. n50 In addition, Water Conflicts and Dispute Resolution Water Conflicts and Dispute Resolution THE LARSON . KING SYMPOSIUM: WATER, CATALYST OF LIFE AND STRIFE: A THREAT TO SECURITY OR A VITAL OPPORTUNITY TO FOSTER COOPERATION?: ARTICLE: INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION: WATER CONFLICTS AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION SUMMARY: The process was created in 1909 and although it uses a bottom up approach to reach consensus, the real decision making is done by the two governments; the recommendations are made by nationally appointed commissioners, and the study groups are made up of technical experts from government and elected or appointed officials who make decisions in the traditional way, where public comment and citizen engagement is at best advisory in nature and not necessarily meaningful. Most recently, Lake Mead and Lake Lanier are two examples of the many pending conflicts that focus on competing water demands. Often these problems cause real conflicts because unanticipated changes in needs, disagreements regarding the costs and values inherent in the policy priorities, and dissatisfaction with the benefits received by some participants compared to the benefits obtained by other competitive interests. In most cases, the dispute resolution mechanisms are rather basic and include some form of consultatio n, facilitation, mediation and, in some limited cases, adjudication or arbitration. Waterways and Boundary Disputes Water and boundary disputes and international treaties are not new to the United States. He understood the importance of good relations between the United States and Canada, and he believed that one important aspect of that relationship was the eventual resolution of disputes arising under the Boundary Waters Treaty. Grey pressed Canadas leadership to appoint Commissioners to the newly established International Waterways Commissions; he encouraged Secretary of State Elihu Root to participate in discussions and negotiations with Canada, and to establish a formal ongoing mechanism for Canada and the U.S. to utilize for resolving boundary disputes. The participation process used by the IJC encourages participants to better understand boundary water disputes and issues. I. BACKGROUND Water is very special. It is needed for survival. The nature of water and its general availability is often taken for granted and only recently have industrialized nations of the world taken note of the potential problems water shortages might create for communities, businesses and governments. A supply of fresh water is not enough. There is a need for accessible, inexpensive, safe, and usable water. Emerging nations generally have a better understanding of the importance water plays in health, hygiene, education, agriculture, economic development, and peace. The United Nations estimates that by 2025 nearly 2.7 billion people will experience severe water scarcity, and contaminated water supplies will contribute to millions of deaths annually. n2 Approximately 1.1 billion people in the world lack adequate water and about 2.6 billion are without adequate sanitation. n3 In addition, only 1% of the worlds fresh water is usable. n4 The most apparent needs for water can be seen in India, China and Africa, but these examples are not isolated. India and Chinas skyrocketing economic growth have diverted old priorities and added new demands for significant amounts of additional water. n5 Other countries in South America, parts of Asia, Europe, and North America also reflect increasing demands for water. Population growth contributes to the rising demand for water, and the impact of world wide droughts caused by the changing environment has made parts of China and areas of Africa, Australia and the United States extremely vulnerable. Examples of dependence on dwindling water supplies are easily found. Declining levels of water in reservoirs, fresh water lakes and rivers are compounded by declining rainfall. n6 Similar situations can al so be found in the western and southeast areas of the United States. Changing population trends, such as movements from the Northeast and Midwest United States to Atlanta, Phoenix, Las Vegas and parts of California and Texas, contribute to the water shortage problem. Rising energy demands because of urban/suburban growth, legal decisions and [*595] continually increasing agricultural demands have also raised awareness and understanding of the importance of maintaining adequate water supplies, preserving high quality water reserves and managing the limited water supply as effectively as possible. n7 In addition, there has been an increased awareness of the interdependence communities and countries have toward one another regarding the preservation and use of fresh water; the development and protection of existing water basins and groundwater supplies; and the conservation practices and best practices relating to water management. Conflicts over water supplies are not new. In the United States, early conflicts arose over competing agricultural and mining uses; later, residents in the Southwest fought in state and federal courts as well as at the administrative agency level over the distribution of water from the Colorado River. Currently, Las Vegas is in several disputes regarding its need for water. The situation in Las Vegas invokes the problem demonstrated during the early 1900s, when Los Angeles acquired the water rights in the Owens Valley which left a wasteland of a former agricultural region. n8 Most recently, Lake Mead and Lake Lanier are two examples of the many pending conflicts that focus on competing water demands. n9 Current international examples of disputes over water usage and supplies can be found in conflicts arising in and around the Jordan, Saskatchewan and Rhone Rivers. n10 Other areas where concerns have arisen regarding the preservation of significant water supplies include the area surrounding the Guarani Aquifer, which covers an area greater than Great Britain, France and Spain, and provides a water source for more than twenty million people. n11 Another example is the general recognition of the ongoing problem of the Rio Grande or Rio Bravo that is a lifeline for millions of people in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The regions aquifers are being depleted from overuse, the new demands created by [*596] changes in the demographics, the rapid expansion of Maquiladoras and the increased demands for greater agricultural production. n12 Disputes over water among competing interests can be explained by its unique ability to provide a foundation for life and society. The finite nature of water can also explain water disputes at both the local and international level. Additional conflicts may, however, arise and become even more problematic as water becomes a commodity that is controlled by international corporations that can buy, sell and trade this product for their own advantage. Currently, about ten corporations control a large portion of the worlds water supply. They represent a $ 400 billion business and will eventually contribute significant national wealth for some countries and cause other water scarce countries to be dependent on, and even debtor nations to, those companies controlling the worlds fresh water. n13 Some experts have suggested that water and the demand for fresh water will be what oil was during the last century and the lack of fresh water may generate such an intense concern and political disco ntent that future wars might be fought over trans-border disputes involving water. n14 Many governments and companies have begun seeking ownership or control of existing and potential sources of fresh water. Some governments are planning and building dams and reservoirs to store needed water supplies even if such action might be detrimental to those down river from the projects, and other efforts have been undertaken to control ground water within a countrys boundaries. Recently, the Governor of New Mexico, a presidential candidate, suggested there was a need for a national water policy that would divert fresh water from existing sources to those states that had an inadequate water supply. The proposal was not well received by the leaders and people from states having adequate water reserves, and it died a quick and quiet demise. Several other overtures have occurred from both government and business interests seeking water resources from the upper Midwest and Canada; one proposal e ven suggested taking water from the Great Lakes by the tankful. n15 A. Water Policy Programs, Problems and Reports Recognition of the potential problems resulting from competing demands has created several responses. One response has been the Darwinian approach of self- survival or survival of the fittest (those who have the water control those who dont have water). A second approach attempts [*597] to create and manage water policies that coordinate competing demands such as residential, agricultural and commercial needs. Attempts are also made to balance rural, urban environmental and political demands. This second approach requires the use of various experts, community representation, research and a high degree of transparency regarding public decision making. The development of public policy requires the involvement of those with competing interests and values regarding water usage, accurate and dependable data from which options can be evaluated and decisions made, and finally community support based on increased awareness and individual buy-in of the policy choices or recommendations. The likelihood of policy failure or noncompliance with policy directives usually results from lack of accountability or involvement of the appropriate government agency or body, too little funding, failure to balance all interests, unclear rules or guidelines and inappropriate or ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. n16 Specific problems that arise concerning development of water policy are data gaps, or incomplete information; the difficulty of reflecting real direct and indirect costs in pricing; improper management of water resources caused by failing to include all jurisdictions affected by the appropriate watershed; failure to enforce existing regulations or lack of enforceable rules; incomplete intergovernmental oversight of associated issues; and shortsightedness in policy related decision-making which fails to balance competing interests. n17 Often these problems cause real conflicts because unanticipated changes in needs, disagreements regarding the costs and values inherent in the policy priorities, and dissatisfaction with the benefits received by some participants compared to the benefits obtained by other competitive interests. Problems may also arise because political influence and pressures that alter the political landscape make compromise difficult or impossible. In some cases water policy problems may be alleviated by new funding sources, different rule interpretations, or recent judicial decisions. Other influences that remove or reduce related conflicts might be the introduction of new technology, changing market conditions, improved conservation practices or improved collaboration among the competing interest groups. n18 In order to respond to the real or potential problem, a well thought-out water policy should be followed. Successful implementation of water policy programs require, according to the International Joint Commission: 1) accountability based on predetermined obligations, 2) meeting performance standards, 3) accomplishing results based on the means and the agreed upon expectation. n19 The end result of increased accountability should be greater [*598] compliance with policy guidelines, greater collaboration, and cooperation between governmental bodies, NGOs and private interests. In order to insure successful compliance with water policy programs it is also essential that a monitoring system be established to investigate and evaluate the activities of the program and its ultimate success or value. A program of evaluation would include a system of measurements or indicators that establish conditions and goals to be accomplished. n20 In addition, a reporting process should be created that would address economic, political, social and technical issues in a credible timely and transparent manner. n21 A comprehensive monitoring system is not in itself sufficient, therefore it is necessary to develop an assessment process that periodically examines the submitted reports and seriously evaluates the policy plan and implementation and makes recommendations to modify, correct or amend the current program to satisfy needs, such as economic, social and political changes. A report should then be made available to the public and those impacted by the water policy. n22 The report should set out the policy objectives, goals and resources available in the implementation of the policy. It should also consider options and alternatives to the existing policy and an explanation as to why recommended actions were taken. This report should also consider the financial and environmental impact of the various actions. There might also be a report as to the number and types of conflict that have arisen in regard to the policy. Finally, the report and related documentation should be made available to the public. B. Policy Conflicts The issue of who will control the water supply raises a variety of questions that often create conflicts. Who can use the water supply, to whom does the water supply belong to and what rights attach to a particular body of water or the owner of that water? Other questions that arise regarding control of water may include: can water be a commodity and therefore be sold to the highest bidder without concern for personal needs; what is the impact on future generations, or what is the value of water to the general public? Can water be protected under the Public Trust Doctrine because it is, or can be argued that it is like air, a basic necessity of life? n23 If one uses the Commons argument, then almost any water supply that is managed by a governmental body for the benefit of the public could be included in the doctrine; however, if water is not treated as part of the [*599] Commons the survival of individuals in society may be threatened. The Commons argument relies on past judicial decisions interpreting property rights and property law. n24 Other conflicts may also arise in regard to the water supply. Environmental concerns, economic benefits, the equitable distribution of resources, public participation and partisan decision-making are only a few examples. As we examine the existing water policy dispute mechanisms, it will be important to remember that, because of the wide variety of problems, there may not be a single approach or method capable of resolving all water-related conflicts. Since water supplies have a regional or even greater impact, we should look to dispute mechanisms that encourage wide public participation, allow for public consensus among participants and which serve to educate and inform the public about water demand, water conservation techniques and current alternatives to water policy. Special attention should be given the dispute techniques used in international water conflicts between the United States and Canada, and the United States and Mexico. C. Water Policy Dispute Mechanisms Disputes over water have been reported since the beginning of recorded history. A war over a water-related issue occurred over 4,500 years ago, and during the last 1,200 years there have been about 3,600 water related international treaties. n25 Since 1870 there have been 145 treaties to manage water, of which 124 are bilateral and twenty-one are multilateral. n26 The principal focus of these agreements has been related to hydropower, but there are other agreements that concern themselves with water distribution for consumption, industrial usage, navigation, pollution and flood control. n27 Many of the treaties provide for exchange of data between the signatories of the treaty. This effort provides an opportunity for program administrators and technical experts to build relationships and interdependence within their working group. Some conditions of these water resource treaties include a formula or methodology for allocating water within the agreement or by the use of a board or governing body; the use of economic benefits for one or more of the treaty participants; recognition that the water resource is unique and must be given special consideration in determining the use and distribution of the water in question; and usually downstream participants are given clearer and more specific protection. n28 Treaty participants often negotiate a variety of non-water linkages in their [*600] agreements relating to political concessions, exchange of high quality useable water and access to capital and pollution control mechanisms. n29 Many of the international agreements, about 55%, provide for some form of monitoring process, and approximately 50% of the treaties provide for some form of dispute resolution process which could include an advisory council, a third neutral party or a designated organization such as the United Nations. n30 In most cases, the dispute resolution mechanisms are rather basic and include some form of consultation, facilitation, mediation and, in some limited cases, adjudication or arbitration. Historically, most water treaties established a hierarchy of uses when negotiating water agreements. Generally, navigation is given priority over other preferences, but today most agreements do not list the order of preferences. Instead, they indicate the options or alternative uses for the water. Usually the preference list would include: domestic and municipal uses, industrial uses, navigation, recreational uses, agricultural uses, and energy uses. n31 II. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES A. Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) When disputes arise over issues addressed in water-related treaties, the mechanism used in resolving the conflict is often an advisory board, an ad hoc or permanent commission, or a governmental body. These bodies have various levels of authority and frequently must have approval from a national or regional government before a decision can be implemented. Until recently there had been no unified forum to which states, NGOs, individual citizens and corporate or international groups could turn for resolution of their disputes. n32 The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) may now, however, be used to resolve water disputes. When taken together, the PCA and the Optional Rules for Environmental Conflicts provide interested parties the opportunity to reach an agreement that is acceptable and capable of harmonizing the needs of diverse interests, cultures and values. n33 In addition, the PCA approach provides decision makers who are experienced in environmental matters, who understand the impact of these decisions on the environment and who need to maintain a high degree of confidentiality regarding national security [*601] issues and proprietary data with a process to produce decisions in a timely manner. n34 The PCA Options are tailored especially for environmental disputes and provide some useful features such as detailed rules for arbitration and conciliation, the use of environmental experts as witnesses, and a process that aids in the facilitation of disputes and the monitoring of any settlement agreement. n35 Currently, over ninety countries have adopted the PCA Environmental Arbitration and Concilia tion Rules and have contributed to improving the possibility of environmental disputes being settled more quickly and with greater participant satisfaction. n36 The PCA Environmental Rules fill a gap in the decision-making process for environmental disputes that had not been previously filled. The Rules reflect a broad international acceptance of at least two alternatives with defined rules which parties can use and be confident that they will be heard and given a fair hearing regarding their concerns. The Rules do not solve all the problems regarding environmental conflicts but they are a vast improvement over prior dispute mechanisms. The Rules now bring environmental dispute procedures more closely in line with dispute mechanisms found in, for example, investment treaties or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). n37 Conflicts regarding the distribution of existing water supplies between treaty participants and/or regarding the order of allocation of water among competing users eventually become a public dispute. Governmental bodies are part of every public dispute and because of their involvement, these disputes take on different characteristics than private conflicts. Generally speaking, the public nature of a dispute means public participation, greater transparency, and possible political pressure. Public disputes are, however, similar to private disputes in that the dispute resolution mechanisms available to parties in conflict are the basic alternative dispute resolution options or derivatives of these options. B. Dispute Mechanism Techniques The two most common dispute resolution techniques are arbitration and mediation. Arbitration or non-binding arbitration occurs when two disputants refer their conflict to a third party decision-maker known as the arbitrator, who will render a decision which will generally be final, or only advisory in [*602] non-binding arbitration. Usually arbitrations are the result of a prior contractual agreement, but arbitrations can also begin when the disputants agree to use the arbitration process to resolve a pending dispute. In arbitration or non-binding arbitration the parties select one or more arbitrators, who hear the case as presented by the representatives of the parties and then issue an award or advisory opinion. Most arbitration decisions cannot be appealed. Parties to an arbitration usually need to agree in advance to the arbitration format and the form of the arbitrators report. Arbitration provides parties with an opportunity to select an excellent ethical fact-finder, who will generate an impartial opinion. It avoids problems associated with litigation and creates a binding decision to be followed by the parties. Non-binding arbitration may be valuable because it could provide a speedy decision based on the recommendation of an expert. Parties may not want to use this type of arbitration if cost or timing is a problem. The arbitration process can often reduce conflicts between the parties and reduce the amount of discovery needed. Mediation is a facilitative process. Mediation is a rapidly growing technique that involves a neutral third party trained to assist the parties negotiating an agreement. The mediator has no independent authority and does not render a decision; any decision must be reached by the parties themselves. Another definition of mediation refers to mediation being an art and not a science, therefore, the process reflects many different and rich options for dispute settlement. n38 One set of authors say mediation is a process in which an impartial third party acts as a catalyst to help others constructively address and perhaps resolve, plan a transaction or define the contours of a relationship. n39 Finally, Kimberlee Kovach says mediation is the intervention into a dispute or negotiation by an acceptable, impartial and neutral third party who has no authoritative decision- making power to assist disputing parties in voluntarily reaching their own mutually acceptable settlement of issues in di spute. n40 The mediation process is simple. The initial stage begins with a preliminary review of the facts by the mediator. Mediation begins with an opening statement that describes the process and sets mutually agreeable ground rules. The second stage begins the fact-finding and is the time for the parties to present their case and to confront the issues. This is also the time when venting may occur between the parties. During this stage positions are presented, the interests of the parties are discovered and basic agreement on possible solutions might be aired. The next stage includes a discussion of proposed settlement options, and the mediator must generate movement toward settlement if the parties are at an impasse. The final stage is [*603] agreement between the parties and negotiating the terms of the settlement agreement. Mediation can be described as facilitative, evaluative or transformative. The facilitative method encourages a problem solving approach to dispute resolution. This method requires the mediator to encourage mutual discussion, exchange of information and creative ideas as to how the dispute might be solved. The facilitative method is designed to build consensus. It is quite flexible in the implementation of the process, and it is the least adversarial between the parties. The evaluative method is focused on the resolution of the dispute. The mediator hears the arguments and then attempts to encourage a particular solution between the parties by using his or her skills, knowledge and expertise. This form of mediation may develop into a shuttle diplomacy approach where the mediator moves back and forth between two rooms and the parties and their lawyers consider various proposals and counter proposals. The third method is a newer mediation approach known as transformative mediation. This method attempts to create a setting that will give the parties the opportunity to exercise their choice and to leave the final decision and responsibility of resolving their conflict to themselves. Healing, reconciliation and the making of a lasting agreement are left to the parties and their individual abilities. The mediator in this approach performs the function of a guide or advisor during the process. Mediation is useful and likely to be successful if the parties have had an ongoing relationship. If cost is an issue, then mediation is the least costly alternative. If one of the parties finds it necessary to express their emotions or if they get out of control during formal proceedings, then mediation is a workable solution. Mediation, because it is private and flexible, allows for the use of creative solutions and it may allow the parties to communicate more effectively with each other. Mediation can also be referred to as non-directive and directive mediation. Non- directive mediation describes how the mediators operate in regard to their attempts to influence the parties. In this model the mediator avoids making judgments, recommending options and questioning statements and arguments. A directive mediation oriented mediator would express opinions, make proposals, challenge values, question positions and attempt to steer the parties to his or her solution. Prior to most arbitration or mediation efforts there is a period of discussion, consultation or negotiation that frequently results in a dispute being resolved, troubling actions modified or sticking points settled. Often these methods are ad hoc, informal and unstructured. The process that precedes formal or structured procedures is known as negotiation. Negotiation, unlike arbitration or mediation, does not require the services of a third party neutral. Usually, the interested parties begin a conversation with one another when they believe there is a misunderstanding. Here they are seeking a benefit or improved situation [*604] when compared to their current position or where they try to avoid further escalation of the initial conflict. Negotiation is a conflict resolution technique that settles disagreement and seeks to avoid or prevent future disputes. Consultation may precede a structured negotiation and is frequently used in major contract disputes. Because of the dramatic growth of international trade and the development of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) four-part Dispute Settlement System, its use has increased greatly. Usually consultation is entered into voluntarily and is used to help the parties understand their dispute, how the parties see the issues, and to clarify the legal rights and claims of all parties. WTO records indicate that more than half of their cases are settled or abandoned during the consultation phase. n41 Consultation allows parties to modify their positions, change their understanding or to acquire new information that may influence their action or thinking. n42 Consultation is often voluntary but it may become obligatory if included as a contact clause or treaty requirement. Both negotiation and consultation are devices to encourage cooperation and their use, when mandated, functions as an anticipa tory action to avoid or prevent the use of formal or structured dispute settlement mechanisms that are more costly and time consuming. Another possibility when international treaties or conventions are involved and parties to a dispute are not able to reconcile their differences though negotiations is the use of the Good Offices of the governing body of the agreement. Generally, Good Offices means the office of the secretariat of the organization or body responsible for the implementation of the agreement. The use of Good Offices may be as simple as facilitating a conversation between the disputing parties or providing facilities for such a meeting. It may also include the provision of mediation or conciliation services or it may require the actual intervention by an international body. n43 The use of Good Offices has been a frequently used tool in international diplomacy and was integrated in the Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes in 1907. More recently, similar language has been included in agreements creating the World Trade Organization and the Law of the Sea Convention. Disagreements at the international level often address issues and facts that the parties do not agree to or that they find nearly irreconcilable. When such an impasse occurs it is possible to seek the help of a board of inquiry or a fact-finding body commission to investigate and report findings [*605] related to the disagreement. The commission option was initially an ad hoc undertaking that was formalized in the 1899 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes. n44 The early commissions were established to examine issues in dispute such as when the U.S. battleship Maine was sunk, when the Russian Fleet fired on British fishing vessels in 1904, and when an American woman was killed in a Chilean sponsored car bombing in the United States. n45 These commissions and board inquiries are less frequently used now because other ADR techniques are available and parties are comfortable using them. Conciliation is another ADR method used to resolve international disputes. This method is similar to both mediation and arbitration. Conciliation as a process has been used for about eighty-five years, and over 200 bilateral treaties and many multilateral agreements have language enabling disputants to use this alternative. n46 The idea of conciliation commissions, a combination of inquiry commissions and conciliation, were actually used as early as 1914 but the concept has not become a routine procedure in dispute resolution practice. n47 Conciliation requires a third party neutral to encourage the disputing parties to begin a dialogue with one another and to arrive at a mutually agreeable resolution process. It also requires the neutral to examine the circumstances surrounding the conflict and, after an independent inquiry, make a recommendation based upon the evidence and information that has been discovered during the process of fact finding. n48 The parties are not required to a ccept the recommendation. Conciliation resembles mediation in its facilitative, non- adversarial and non-binding aspects but it follows formalities more like arbitration, such as investigation, evaluation and decision-making. n49 Conciliation has been successful in the few cases where it has been tried, and it provides benefits to the parties because they can reject any recommendation if they desire. n50 In addition,